不同种类的句子(语法3：句子种类)

全世界的句子无论再怎么复杂，也逃不出三种类型，接下来霞姐就和大家一起探讨这三种句子类型，最终学会以不变应万变。

简单句

简单句，就是指一个句子只有一套主谓结构（S+V+O）。

比如：Jinzheng’en loves Jinxishan.

我们再来看一个更复杂的形态：

Humans have been damaging the environment for centuries by overcutting trees and farming too intensively.

这同样也是一个简单句，句子主语是humans，谓语动词是have been damaging，for后面的都是修饰成分。

那么对于简单句，命题人会设定一个怎样的陷阱去坑你呢？

通常而言，这个考点非常固定，它就是：宾语补足语

宾语补足语是对宾语（名词）的补充说明，一般只有名词和形容词可以充当。

举个例子

I consider Tomto be a great leader.

I consider Tom asa great leader.

I consider Tom a great leader.

请思考，以上三个句子，有几个是对的？

宾语补足语的考点是针对一些“动词”进行考察的，比如这里的consider就是一个典型的后面接宾语及其补足语的动词，consider 后直接接宾语Tom和宾语补足语a great leader，它不能再跟随任何的其它搭配方式了。

所以，consider to be和consider as这两个搭配都错误，上面的三个句子只有最后一个正确。

GMAT考试中常考宾语及其补足语的动词有：

consider（认为），find（认为），make（使得），call（称为）等。

看到consider，find，make，call这类常见的特殊动词请一定提高警惕，这些动词后直接接宾语及其补足语。若出现和to be 或as搭配，必错。

学以致用1

George Sand ( Aurore Lucile Dupin ) was one of the first European writers to consider the rural poor to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect in her novels .

A. to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these

B. should be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these

C. as being legitimate subjects for literature and portraying them

D. as if they were legitimate subjects for literature and portray them

E. legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them

运用思维标签的方法，我们先找选项的“不同”，再映射考点到“不同”。

George Sand ( Aurore Lucile Dupin ) was one of the first European writers to considerthe rural poorto be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect in her novels .

A.to belegitimate subjects for literature and portray these

B.should belegitimate subjects for literature and portray these

E.legitimate subjectsfor literature and to portray them

“思维路径”为：

思维标签：宾补搭配

解决方案：牢记“consider A B”的结构。consider是一个后面直接接宾语及其补足语的动词，本题未划线consider已经接了宾语，所以后面应该接宾语补足语。Consider as以及to be必错。

结论：只能选E

并列句

所谓并列句，就是用并列连词连接两个完整的句子。

那么它一般具备两个特征：

（1）包含并列连词：GMAT考试中连接两个完整句子的并列连词有and，or，but，yet；

（2）只要是并列两个完整的句子即可，但是对于句子本身啥样，彼此之间啥关系并没有要求。

常见的并列句就两种形式: SVO, and SVO.和SVO; SVO.（请注意分号）。

那么，针对并列句，GMAC的老头可以玩出怎样的花样呢？

在这里，有一个特别高频的考点，名为run-on句型，我习惯管它叫做“追尾句型”。

所谓追尾，就是指两个句子之间没有使用任何的并列连词，直接用逗号连接在一起，就像后面的车追尾了前面的车，最终车毁人亡，一定错误。

最简单概括起来说，就是：SVO, SVO. 一定错误。

例子1

I come， I see，I conquer.

很多人对这一句名言并不会陌生，这句霸气且狂妄的话出自于凯撒大帝。部分英语爱好者解析这句话时，会认为这句话的“逗号”是点睛之作，更好的诠释了一种“递进感”。

但是请注意，GMAT的语法讲究的却是绝对化的“严格”，它并不认同生活中口语随意化的表达方式，或是你常见到的一些So cool的广告词。

所以，对于这句名言，如果中间的连接是“逗号”，则是犯了典型的“SVO,SVO”错误，是一句病句。

例子2

我们用以下这个暴长的句子让你更深度的阅读“并列句”：

Humans have been damaging the environment for centuries by over cutting trees and farming too intensively, and though some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in population and in the intensity of industrialization are causing a worldwide ecological crisis.

那么，这个句子到底在并列哪两个成分呢？

这个句子的语法有错误吗？

我们先温习一下之前讲到的“删减修饰语”，对这个复杂句做第一次简化：

Humans have been damaging the environmentfor centuries by over cutting tree sand farming too intensively, and though some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago,great increasesin population and in the intensity of industrialization are causing a worldwide ecological crisis.

然后，你会得到：

Humans have been damaging the environment, and thoughsome protective measures, were taken decades ago,great increases are causing a worldwide ecological crisis.

这里and并列前后两个完整的句子，为并列句。

前面的句子是一个简单句：Humans have been damaging the environment，但是and后面并列的句子是一个复合句（马上我们就会讲到复合句），其中though引导从句，主句是great increases are causing…。所以这个句子在语法上没有错误。

复合句

所谓复合句，就是一个主句加若干从句。

请注意两点：

1. 若干从句的“若干”当然可以是0。

2. 一个句子要能够真正有资格称作“句子”，就必须有一个主句。

我的很多学生在解读句子时，常常深陷一堆从句中无法自拔。因为在大篇章的阅读中，我们往往容易忽略“一个主句”这个简单的事实。

那如何用最简单直接的方式去简化从句呢？

无论是你学过的主语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句，定语从句… 我们会发现它们有一个共同点：从句。

我们不妨把“从句”拆分来看：

作为“句”，这暗示了每一个从句，从内部本质来看，都会有一个SVO架构。

但不同于一般句子，它之所以叫“从”句，取决于一个关键因素——引导词。

所以，从本质上，从句的架构是：引导词＋SVO.

举个例子

还是之前的句子，只不过只分析其中一部分：

Though some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in population and in the intensity of industrialization are causing a worldwide ecological crisis.

首先，我们仍是对原句做一个删减

Though some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in population and in the intensity of industrialization are causing a worldwide ecological crisis.

我们将得到，

Though some protective measures were taken decades ago, great increases are causing a worldwide ecological crisis.

这就是一个复合句：

其中Though引导的是一个从句的修饰主句，

从句的主语是some protective measures；

从句谓语were taken；

主句的主语是great increases；

谓语是are causing…。

学以致用2

Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins ,heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year — they are often green and striped , or have plenty of bumps and bruises — heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand.

A. Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins , heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year

B. Although heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year , appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins

C. Although they appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins , heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year

D. Grown from seeds saved during the previous year , heirloom tomatoes appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins

E. Heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year , although they appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins

是不是感叹这道题的题干和选项实在都太长了？看的你眼花缭乱？

但请明白，这些都是GMAC的老头们用一堆修饰语给你塑造的“假象”。

譬如这一道题，虽然信息量很大，却并不是一道难题。我们还是用思维标签的方法来逐步解析。

1、第一步，我们仍然是依靠我们的老朋友，“删减修饰部分”。

Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins ,heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year— they are often green and striped , or have plenty of bumps and bruises —heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand.

A. Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins ,heirloom tomatoes ,grown from seeds saved during the previous year

B. Although heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year , appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins

C. Although they appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins ,heirloom tomatoes ,grown from seeds saved during the previous year

D. Grown from seeds saved during the previous year ,heirloom tomatoes appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins

E. Heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved during the previous year , although they appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins

“思维路径”为：

思维标签：删减修饰部分（加粗部分）

解决方案：加粗部分：题干中的破折号中间内容属于解释说明，删掉不影响解决句子架构的问题。绿色高亮：although引导的是一个从句，修饰主句，暂时可以删除不影响对主架构判断。grown分词结构也是修饰语，删掉以方便观察句子主架构问题。

结论：这道题看着那么长，其实大部分都是“废话”。

2、去掉删减的部分后再分析句子完整性

这也是你需要在实战中练习的一种能力：虽然很多文字显示在题目里，但你能非常自如的把它们当作空气看待。

Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins ,heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year， heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand.

A. heirloom tomatoes

B. 删没了

C. heirloom tomatoes

D. heirloom tomatoes appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins

E. Heirloom tomatoes

“思维路径”为：

思维标签：句子完整性

解决方案：当我删除了无关信息后，到了这一步相信你已经一目了然，原来选项ACE都是一个性质————这时你基本已经可以确定它们都是错的了。这里错误的原因是：后面已经有主句heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand. 所以heirloom tomatoes为多余的名词。

结论：排除ACE

3、找选项B和D的不同和矛盾点。

Although appearing less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins ,heirloom tomatoes , grown from seeds saved during the previous year，heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand.

B. 删没了

D. heirloom tomatoes appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins

思维标签：Run-on 句型 （追尾句型）

解决方案：heirloom tomatoes appear less appetizing than most of their round and red supermarket cousins为完整句子，未划线heirlooms are more flavorful and thus in increasing demand为完整句子，两个句子中间没有并列连词。所以这时一次典型的“追尾现象”，就是我们常见的“SVO，SVO.” 必错。

结论：D错，选择B。

从这道题我们也可以看到一个很有意思的现象：有时候，你通过“修饰信息的删减”，甚至可能将一个选项中所有的内容全部删完。但这并不能说明删完后的选项就是错误的，只要剩下的内容还是一个完整的句子结构，你也一样达到了“句子改错”这个目的。这一讲到此结束。

我是霞姐，北大硕士、新东方5年GMAT老师，曾主导制定了新东方GMAT语法教学体系。后创立魔力学院，帮助GMAT学员用同样的学习时间，实现150%的学习效果。

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